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Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution 상호부조론

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Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution is a 1902 collection of anthropological essays by Russian naturalist and anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin. The essays, initially published in the English periodical The Nineteenth Century between 1890 and 1896, explore the role of mutually beneficial cooperation and reciprocity (or "mutual aid") in the animal kingdom and human societies both past and present. It is an argument against theories of social Darwinism that emphasize competition and survival of the fittest, and against the romantic depictions by writers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who thought that cooperation was motivated by universal love. Instead, Kropotkin argues that mutual aid has pragmatic advantages for the survival of human and animal communities and, along with the conscience, has been promoted through natural selection.

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Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (상호부조론) — verified Korean book. Published 1902. By Peter Kropotkin. Publisher Heinemann.

Details

• Genre: essay
• Original language: English, Catalan, German
• Title: Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
• Author: Peter Kropotkin
• Publication Year: 1902
• Type: Collection of anthropological essays
• Published: 1902
• Original Publication: The Nineteenth Century

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• Peter Kropotkin

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Verified & tracked since 2026-08-16 · 5 verified snapshots.

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